Meta-Analysen und Systematische Reviews:
Kennedy DO (2016): B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review. Nutrients, 8(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8020068
Hanna M, Jaqua E, Nguyen V, Clay J (2022): B Vitamins: Functions and Uses in Medicine. The Permanente Journal, 26(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/21.204
Calderón-Ospina CA, Nava-Mesa MO (2019): B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 26(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13207
Ye M, Wang Y, Liu J, et al. (2025): Causal relationship between B vitamins and neuropsychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 162, 105685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.105685
Jia Z, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. (2025): Efficacy of B Vitamin Supplementation on Global Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, nuaf155. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf155
Alzahrani H, Alshehri F, Alkhathami N, et al. (2024): Assessment of Vitamin B12 Efficacy on Cognitive Memory Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 16(21), 3712. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213712
Viswanathan M, Peragallo Urrutia R, Hudson KN, et al. (2023): Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 330(5), 454–467. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.9864
Randomisierte Kontrollierte Studien (RCTs):
Paul L, Selhub J (2017): Interaction between excess folate and low vitamin B12 status. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 53, 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.004
Ungureanu A, Mihasan M, Irimia S, et al. (2021): Efficacy of supplementation with methylcobalamin and cyanocob alamin in maintaining the level of serum holotranscobalamin in a group of plant-based diet (vegan) adults. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22(3), 993. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10425
Folsäure und Neuralrohrdefekte (höchste Evidenz):
EFSA NDA Panel (2013): Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to increasing maternal folate status by supplemental folate intake and reduced risk of neural tube defects. EFSA Journal, 11(7), 3328. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3328
US Preventive Services Task Force (2023): Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 330(5), 454–459. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.9803
BfR (2015): Frequently asked questions about folate and folic acid. https://www.bfr.bund.de/en/service/frequently-asked-questions/topic/frequently-asked-questions-about-folate-and-folic-acid/
BfR (2007): Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects in Europe. Geburtenregister Mainzer Modell. https://www.bfr.bund.de
Methylcobalamin vs. Cyanocobalamin (bioaktive vs. synthetische Form):
Brämswig S, Prinz-Langenohl R, Lamers Y, et al. (2009): Supplementation of a low-dose vitamin B12 diet with cyanocobalamin and cobalamin decreases plasma homocysteine but does not change plasma total vitamin B12 levels in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Nutrition, 101(12), 1859–1867. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508135350
Obeid R, Fedosov SN, Nexo E (2015): Cobalamin coenzyme forms are not likely to be superior to cyano- and hydroxyl-cobalamin in prevention or treatment of cobalamin deficiency. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 59(7), 1364–1372. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201500019
Healthline (2020): Methylcobalamin vs Cyanocobalamin: What’s the Difference? https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/methylcobalamin-vs-cyanocobalamin
Verywell Health (2024): Methylcobalamin vs. Cyanocobalamin: A Dietitian Explains. https://www.verywellhealth.com/methylcobalamin-vs-cyanocobalamin-8423403
Behördliche Gutachten und Stellungnahmen:
EFSA NDA Panel (2010): Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to riboflavin (vitamin B2). EFSA Journal, 8(10), 1814. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1814
EFSA NDA Panel (2009): Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6. EFSA Journal, 7(9), 1225. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1225
EFSA NDA Panel (2010): Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6. EFSA Journal, 8(10), 1759. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1759
EFSA NDA Panel (2009): Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B12. EFSA Journal, 7(9), 1223. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1223
EFSA NDA Panel (2022): Guidance for establishing and applying tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and essential minerals. EFSA Journal, 20(1), e200102. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200102
BfR (2021): Fragen und Antworten zu Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln. https://www.bfr.bund.de
BfR (2021): Verbrauchermonitor 2021 Spezial: Vitamine als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel. https://www.bfr.bund.de
Neurologische und kognitive Funktionen:
Smith AD, Refsum H, Bottiglieri T, et al. (2018): Homocysteine and Dementia: An International Consensus Statement. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 62(2), 561–570. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-171042
McCaddon A, Miller JW (2015): Assessing the association between homocysteine and cognition: reflections on Bradford Hill, meta-analyses, and causality. Nutrition Reviews, 73(10), 723–735. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuv022