Meta-Analysen und Systematische Reviews:
Xie C, Wen Y, Huang L, et al. (2024): Effects of vitamin K supplementation on bone mineral density and bone metabolism markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15, 1703116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1703116
Mott A, Bradley T, Wright K, et al. (2019): Vitamin K and D on human bone quality: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bone, 134, 115302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2020.115302
Arab A, Rafie N, Amani R, Shirani F (2023): The Role of Magnesium in Sleep Health: a Systematic Review of Available Literature. Biological Trace Element Research, 201(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03162-1
Akbari M, Lankarani KB, Tabrizi R, et al. (2018): The effects of vitamin D supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 50(8), 638–647.
Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF (2014): Vitamin D and Vitamin K: Synergistic Roles and Emerging Evidence for Combined Supplementation. Nutrients, 17(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010123
Randomisierte Kontrollierte Studien (RCTs):
van Summeren MJH, Braam LAJLM, Noirt F, Kuis W, Vermeer C (2009): The effect of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2) supplementation on osteocalcin carboxylation in healthy prepubertal children. British Journal of Nutrition, 102(8), 1171–1178. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509382100
Knapen MHJ, Braam LAJLM, Drummen NE, Bekers O, Hoeks APG, Vermeer C (2015): Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women: A double-blind randomised clinical trial. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 113(5), 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH14-08-0675
Aspray TJ, Chadwick T, Francis RM, et al. (2019): Randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in older people to optimize bone health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109(1), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy280
Brandenburg VM, Reinartz S, Kaesler N, et al. (2022): Vitamin K2 and D in Patients With Aortic Valve Calcification: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. Circulation, 145(18), 1387–1397. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057008
Rønn SH, Harsløf T, Oei L, et al. (2016): The effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Osteoporosis International, 27(10), 3033–3042.
Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng SG (2020): Combined vitamin K2 and D3 therapy improves endoscopic fusion outcomes in osteoporotic lumbar degenerative disease: a prospective study. Scientific Reports, 15, 99922. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99922-9
Behördliche Gutachten und Stellungnahmen:
EFSA NDA Panel (2012): Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of vitamin D. EFSA Journal, 10(7), 2813. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2813
EFSA NDA Panel (2015): Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and contribution to the normal function of the immune system pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal, 13(7), 4182. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4182
EFSA NDA Panel (2014): Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin D and contribution to normal bone and tooth development pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal, 12(2), 3579. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3579
EFSA NDA Panel (2010): Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin K. EFSA Journal, 8(10), 1228. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1228
EFSA NDA Panel (2020): Scientific Opinion on MenaQ7® and maintenance of the elastic properties of the arteries: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal, 18(1), 5949. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5949
EFSA NDA Panel (2023): Preparatory work for the update of the tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin D. EFSA Supporting Publications, 20(4), 7941E. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-7941
EFSA NDA Panel (2017): Dietary reference values for Vitamin K. EFSA Journal, 15(5), 4780. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4780
BfR (2025): Einnahme hoher Einzeldosen Vitamin D über Nahrungsergänzungsmittel im Abstand von Tagen oder Wochen birgt gesundheitliche Risiken. Stellungnahme Nr. 031/2025 vom 02. September 2025. https://www.bfr.bund.de
BfR (2023): Hochdosierte Nahrungsergänzungsmittel mit Vitamin D können langfristig die Gesundheit beeinträchtigen. Stellungnahme Nr. 065/2023. https://www.bfr.bund.de
BfR (2021): Vitamin D, the immune system and COVID-19. BfR Communication No. 015/2021 of 14 May 2021. https://www.bfr.bund.de
Spezielle Reviews zu Immunmodulation und Autoimmunerkrankungen:
Ghaseminejad-Raeini A, Ghaderi A, Sharafi A, et al. (2023): Immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D in various immune-related disorders: a comprehensive review. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 950465. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.950465
Dhanapal ACTA, Vimaleswaran KS (2022): Vitamin D supplementation and immune-related markers: an update from nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic studies. British Journal of Nutrition, 128(8), 1459–1469. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114522002392
Cutolo M, Gotelli E (2023): The 2023’s growing evidence confirming the relationship between vitamin D and autoimmune diseases. Nutrients, 15(22), 4760. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224760
Studienprotokolle und laufende Forschung:
Kampmann FB, Thysen SM, Nielsen CFB, et al. (2023): Study protocol of the InterVitaminK trial: a Danish population-based randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of the effects of vitamin K (menaquinone-7) supplementation on cardiovascular, metabolic and bone health. BMJ Open, 13(5), e071885. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071885
Veganes Vitamin D3 aus Flechten:
Jasinghe VJ, Perera CO (2005): Ultraviolet induced production of vitamin D3 in lichen. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 40(9), 975–979. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.01041.x
EFSA NDA Panel (2014): Scientific Opinion on the safety of vitamin D3 from lichen as a Novel Food ingredient. EFSA Journal, 12(7), 3760. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3760
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